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CBIT Therapy
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  • BFRB
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A close-up of a child's brown eyes, eyelashes, and eyebrows.

Body-Focused Repetitive Behavior (BFRB)

CBIT Therapy is a leader in the management of Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors. Our occupational therapy intervention is caring and effective support that utilizes Habit Reversal Training, sensory awareness, and adaptive strategies including wearable assistive technology.


Body-Focused Repetitive Behavior (BFRB) is a term used to describe excessive and repetitive self-grooming that leads to emotional distress and physical harm. BFRBs include biting, pulling, picking, scratching, or scraping one’s own hair, skin, lips, cheeks, tongue, or nails.  Many people with BFRB spend hours each day focused on grooming tasks which lead to physical harm such as bald spots, open wounds,  scars, or infection. It is common for these behaviors and their outcomes to be kept hidden due to great shame and isolation. 


BFRB is currently classified as an Other Specified Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder. This is a DSM-5 diagnosis that applies to those who have characteristics of obsessive-compulsive disorders but do not meet the full criteria. No medication has proven to be effective for BFRB and research and supports are highly limited.


CBIT Therapy is helping to bring awareness to misunderstood conditions such as Hair Pulling Disorder (Trichotillomania) and Skin Picking Disorder by providing outreach to patients and their families, as well as healthcare providers. Our telehealth habit reversal program is rooted in occupational therapy activity analysis, sensory awareness, and purposeful activities to address unwanted  and harmful repetitive behaviors. We also utilize CBIT competing responses and the SCAMP protocol. To request intake forms for a BFRB evaluation and treatment with Online OTs, please contact us. Services are available via telehealth in Boston and throughout MA, CT, NH, NY, VT, and ME.


Types of Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors (BFRB)

Hair Pulling

Skin Picking, Skin Scratching

Hair Pulling

Hair Pulling Disorder (also known as Trichotillomania or Trich) is a BFRB that involves excessive hair pulling. Hair is often pulled from the scalp, eyelashes, eyebrows, arms, legs, and/or pubic areas. People with Hair Pulling Disorder are often aware of different textures of their hair and target those that seem coarse or not properly aligned. Hair pulling may lead to bald spots on the scalp or elimination of eyelashes or eyebrows. Hair pulling is commonly done with finger pads, fingernails, or tweezers, with each tweezer targeting a different type of hair.


Video: Hair Pulling Disorder (aka Trichotillomania or Trich)

Nail Biting

Skin Picking, Skin Scratching

Hair Pulling

Nail Biting Disorder (Onychophagia) is a BFRB that involves the habitual and destructive biting of nails. This chronic disorder may lead to skin infections as well as dental problems. Nail biting also can enable harmful bacteria and viruses to spread from your hands to your mouth. Nail Biting Disorder is often not recognized as an issue until there is major damage to the nail bed and surrounding skin. CBIT and ComB Habit Reversal Training is highly effective at breaking the cycle of habitual nail biting.

Skin Picking, Skin Scratching

Skin Picking, Skin Scratching

Skin Picking, Skin Scratching

A Caucasian man popping a pimple on his forehead.

Skin Picking Disorder (also known as Excoriation) and Skin Scratching Disorder are BFRBs that involve excessive skin picking or scratching, resulting in scabs, scars, open wounds, and infection. Target areas on the skin tend to be dry, bumpy, or have an imperfection such as a pimple or scab. Skin recovering from surgery is also often picked at, prolonging recovery and creating an uneven surface that will continue to be targeted.  Skin picking is commonly done with finger pads and fingernails.


Video: skin picking disorder


The scalp, fingers, arms, legs, feet, face, genitals, and buttocks, are commonly picked and scratched.

Onychotillomania

Lip Biting / Lip Picking

Skin Picking, Skin Scratching

Three silver surgical scissors on a green table are used to pick at the skin due to a disorder.

Onychotillomania is a BFRB that involves excessive picking, pulling, and manicuring of nails. This repetitive behavior is often highly noticeable and painful, making it difficult to do some everyday tasks.

Lip Biting / Lip Picking

Lip Biting / Lip Picking

Lip Biting / Lip Picking

A woman with long black curly hair is deep breathing.

Lip Biting Disorder and Lip Picking Disorder are BFRBs that cause damage to the lips. Dry and scabbed skin are often targeted. Damage to the lips can make drinking, eating, talking, playing some instruments, and kissing painful.


Video: lip picking disorder

Cheek Keratosis

Lip Biting / Lip Picking

Lip Biting / Lip Picking

A woman with a toothache is pressing against her cheek in pain.

Cheek Biting Disorder (Cheek Keratosis) is a BFRB that involves biting the inner cheek, causing ulcerations, sores, inflammation, and/or a callous like formation. Cheek Biting can make eating, drinking, talking, singing, and brushing teeth painful.

Tongue Chewing Disorder

Tongue Chewing Disorder

Tongue Chewing Disorder

A doctor examining a girl's tongue to check for strep throat.

Tongue Chewing is a BFRB that involves chronic chewing of the tongue, resulting in sores and callouses. Tongue chewing can impair the ability to eat and drink and communicate verbally.

Rhinotillexomania

Tongue Chewing Disorder

Tongue Chewing Disorder

A child sits on a beach looking at the horizon with a globe next to her.

Nose Picking Disorder (Rhinotillexomania) is a BFRB that involves chronic nose picking with fingers. NPD often destroys structures in the nose and frequently leads to infection. The disorder often begins in childhood and leads to teasing, embarrassment, and isolation. Nose picking often occurs in public situations due to lack of awareness that the behavior is ocurring.

Thumb Sucking Disorder

Tongue Chewing Disorder

Thumb Sucking Disorder

Man giving thumbs up at doctor's appointment while with a nurse.

Sucking on a pacifier or thumb is a common way for infants and toddlers to self-soothe. Thumb sucking in older children or adults is often also self-soothing and due to a Body-Focused Repetitive Behavior. Excessive thumb sucking can shift the position of front teeth and lead to oral surgery. 

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